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Item Open Access Impediments to the Development of Kiswahili in the Education Sector in Uganda(Journal of the Institute of Kiswahili Studies, 2024) Agume, Innocent; Ogechi, Nathan Oyori; Majariwa, DavidThis study explores the challenges facing the growth of the Kiswahili language in the Ugandan education system. Despite noticeable efforts by the government, the development of Kiswahili through the education system still faces various obstacles. Data was collected from policymakers, coordinators, and language policy implementers, who were purposively selected. Data was analysed using a qualitative approach. Based on a thematic analysis of data, it was established that the growth and development of the Kiswahili language in Uganda, through the education system is still low. This is due to a lack of political will, the absence of effective strategies for implementing language policy regarding Kiswahili, the non-deployment of available Kiswahili teachers, and the inadequacy of materials and resources for teaching and learning Kiswahili. Similarly, ethnolinguistic rivalries have derailed efforts towards Kiswahili development in the education sector. Suggested practical strategies to address these challenges include: strong political will, adequate supply of Kiswahili teaching materials, as well as recruitment and deployment of more Kiswahili teachers. Additionally, tackling negative attitudes and conducting further research on language perceptions will enhance its acceptance and development. These findings are important for policymakers in guiding the formulation of necessary policies that will impact Kiswahili teaching and usage in Uganda.Item Open Access Representation of Culture and Human Rights Violations in Timothy Wangusa’s Upon This Mountain and Austin Bukenya’s The Bride. Unisa Press.(Unisa Press, 2024) Tugume, Benon.This article examines the portrayal of culture and human rights violations in Timothy Wangusa’s novel, Upon This Mountain and Austin Bukenya’s play, The Bride. It focuses on the Bagisu cultural ritual of circumcision in Upon This Mountain as well as the culture-based traditions of prejudice and discrimination in The Bride that are responsible for the violation of the rights of Kangala, Wabwire, and Mwambu in the former, and Namvua and her entire Merio family in the latter. In this article, I apply qualitative methods of data collection and analysis since it is a case study of Wangusa’s Upon This Mountain and Bukenya’s The Bride as primary texts. Data for analysis is generated by carrying out a close reading of the primary texts as well as secondary texts—critical works, journal articles, and literature on human rights purposely to strengthen the discussion of culture and human rights violations depicted in the primary texts. The reading of primary texts focuses on characters and themes since the objectives are twofold: first, to examine the point of view of individual characters subjected to ritual pain, trauma, and intra-cultural discrimination in Upon This Mountain and second, to analyse the writer’s use of dialogue and action to dramatise resistance to cultural prejudices and discrimination in The Bride. Using principles of human rights, the paper discusses the pain, torture, and degrading treatment Kangala and Wabwire in Upon This Mountain go through as they submit to the ritual of the knife. Similarly, the article explores discrimination against Namvua and her entire Merio family based on age-old cultural prejudices in The Bride. Lekindo, the leader of the young generation is opposed to her discrimination and fights for her rights and acceptance in the plains by smashing the skull, an iconic symbol of cultural beliefs. He marries Namvua to underscore the theme of the inevitability of change because of human rights abuses.Item Open Access Experiences and challenges Implementing Uganda's Revised English Literature Curriculum: Problematization of Colonization.(Kabale University, 2024) Johnson, OcanPurpose: This study explores teachers' perspectives and challenges in implementing a competency-based English literature curriculum in Uganda after many years of British hegemony. This reflects on the roles and prestige of the English language as it evolved during colonial and postcolonial schools. Research methodology: The method used in this study focuses on secondary literature to refute the claim that the British forced English into Uganda while extinguishing native tongues. Results: According to the major results of the study, students in Uganda had the opportunity to enroll in kindergarten through university-level schooling, where English was the predominant medium of instruction. Limitations: The study's limitations suggest that, although the British gave English education more attention, they were careful to emphasize that national tongues should not be disregarded in favor of English. Following these investigations, the old English language curriculum has always had a tenuous connection with British political and economic interests in Uganda. Contribution: Regarding the contributions of the study, the overhaul of the curriculum was "overdue," according to Hon. Janet Museveni, Minister of Education, Sports and Science who stated in Parliament that the antiquated curriculum was anti-intellectual and opposed to cultural action. However, it is still challenging to put such a change into practice practically. This treatise simply states an ‘implementation gap,’ which is the difference between the intended and actual implementation of the competency-based curriculum.Item Open Access Experiences and Challenges Implementing Uganda's Revised English Literature Curriculum: Problematization of Colonization.(Kabale University, 2024) Ocan, JohnsonPurpose: This study explores teachers' perspectives and challenges in implementing a competency-based English literature curriculum in Uganda after many years of British hegemony. This reflects on the roles and prestige of the English language as it evolved during colonial and postcolonial schools. Research methodology: The method used in this study focuses on secondary literature to refute the claim that the British forced English into Uganda while extinguishing native tongues. Results: According to the major results of the study, students in Uganda had the opportunity to enroll in kindergarten through university-level schooling, where English was the predominant medium of instruction. Limitations: The study's limitations suggest that, although the British gave English education more attention, they emphasized that national tongues should not be disregarded in favor of English. Following these investigations, the old English language curriculum has always had a tenuous connection with British political and economic interests in Uganda. Contribution: Regarding the contributions of the study, the overhaul of the curriculum was "overdue," according to Hon. Janet Museveni, Minister of Education, Sports and Science who stated in Parliament that the antiquated curriculum was anti-intellectual and opposed to cultural action. However, it is still challenging to put such a change into practice practically. This treatise simply states an ‘implementation gap,’ which is the difference between the intended and actual implementation of the competency-based curriculum.Item Open Access Analyse des besoins langagiers des étudiants de français sur objectifs spécifiques à l’Université de Kabale.(Kabale University, 2024) Ayebare, Boniface MartialCette recherche a pour objectif l’analyse des besoins langagiers des étudiants de français sur objectifs spécifiques (FOS) de l’Université de Kabale. Elle vise également à proposer des modules et stratégies d’enseignement adaptés à ce public. Un questionnaire semi-structuré a été administré à trente-sept étudiants de français dans deux facultés : l’Institut du Tourisme et la Faculté de génie. Des entretiens ont été menés auprès de trois enseignants de français et cinq professionnels exerçant les métiers y correspondant en ville de Kabale. Ces derniers étaient composés de trois ingénieurs et deux acteurs dans le domaine du tourisme. La littérature relative à l’analyse de besoins et au FOS a été étudiée. Pour vérifier et valider les réponses des étudiants, nous avons également tenu des discussions avec les deux groupes d’étudiants. Les résultants de la présente étude ont révélé que la majorité des étudiants étaient des débutants qui n’avaient jamais appris formellement le français même si la plupart d’entre eux avaient déjà eu des contacts informels avec des francophones. Ils avaient choisi d’apprendre le français en raison de sa pertinence pour leur carrière et l’importance de la langue française tant au niveau régional qu’international. L’étude recommande la conception de modules d’enseignement adaptés à ces groupes, passant par l’analyse approfondie des besoins d’apprentissage. Enfin, l’étude propose la pédagogie de projet comme approche pédagogique adaptée pour les cours de FOS.Item Open Access Analysis of Factors Influencing Ugandan Teachers’ Expectations of Learners’ Reading Habits.(Kabale University, 2024) Tukwasibwe, Constance; Cekiso, Mzwamadoda PhillipTeacher expectations can be understood as a teacher's belief in the ability of their learners to achieve. The importance lies in the fact that they can determine both the level of educational content and how it is delivered. Although teacher expectations have been studied for decades in developed countries, little research has been done in developing countries like Uganda. Subsequently, the current study’s goal is to examine how teachers form expectations about the reading habits of their learners in three schools in Uganda. The study was qualitative in nature and a case study design was followed. A purposively selected sample of 17 teachers was selected based on their expertise as teachers of English. An open-ended questionnaire was administered to the teachers to collect data and thematic analysis was used to analyse data. The results of the study revealed that teachers’ expectations concerning their learners’ reading habits were low and determined by several factors like learners’ frequency of reading prescribed material, learners’ frequency of reading material that is not prescribed, socioeconomic status of learners, and lack of resources and influence of parents’ level of education. The authors recommended that teachers' knowledge of the significance of their expectations in determining their learners' reading practices is significant. This is because teachers are more likely to adjust their expectations on their learners' prospective reading habits if they have this knowledge and awareness.Item Open Access Mauvaise Culture de la Lecture chez les Etudiants de FLE en Ouganda: Éléments de Réponses.(Kabale University, 2024) Kateregga, AbubakarCet article s’articule autour du problème de la mauvaise culture de la lecture chez les étudiants ougandais de FLE. Il a pour objectif de décrire et d’analyser la situation enseignante de la compétence de lecture. Il explore les causes de mauvaises pratiques de lecture et les méthodologies didactiques qui s’y rapportent. L’étude s’appuie sur le cadre théorique bronckartiste de l’interactionnisme socio-discursif (Bronckart, 1996) selon lequel des lecteurs lisent et comprennent des textes de tout genre en s’appuyant sur les pratiques socioculturelles qui les aident à résoudre des problèmes sociaux dans des écrits. L’article part de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les pratiques médiocres en lecture scolaire sont influencées par deux facteurs majeurs : D’une part, les apprenants ont des objectifs amoindris qui associent l’acte de lire exclusivement à la lecture de notes de cours ne serait-ce que pour réussir aux examens au lieu de lire pour s’amuser, pour se divertir, pour s’informer, pour jouer. D’autre part, les méthodes didactiques utilisées à l’école sont inappropriées dans la mesure où elles produisent des lecteurs « monovalents » au lieu de produire des lecteurs « constructeurs de sens » capables de pratiquer une lecture plurifonctionnelleItem Open Access Miktadha ya Kisintaksia itokanayo na Makusudio ya Mawasiliano katika Uibuzi wa Miundo Virai Kubalifu ya Kiswahili.(Kabale University, 2024) Amanzi, Musa .O.Lugha ya Kiswahili ni lugha yenye muundo wa kitenzi kati yaani, katika sentensi ni lazima kuwe na viambajengo kabla au baada ya kitenzi ambavyo vinaweza kuwa dhahiri au visiwe dhahiri. Kuwapo kwa muundo huu hakumaanishi kuwa lugha hii ina utaratibu mmoja kiusemaji. Bali, ipo miundo mingine ambayo kimsingi ujitokezaji wake husababishwa na miktadha mbalimbali ya kisintaksia. Makala haya kwahiyo yanalenga kuchunguza miktadha ya kisintaksia itokanayo na makusudio ya mawasiliano katika uibuzi wa miundo virai kubalifu vya sentensi za Kiswahili. Data za makala haya zilipatikana uwandani kupitia mbinu ya ushuhudiaji sikizi na mahojiano. Nadharia ya Uchunguzi wa Kimaeneo ya Joshua Aaron Fishman mwaka (1972) ilitumika katika uchanganuzi na uwasilishaji wa data. Katika uwasilishaji wa kila data, alama “Mt.” ilitumika ikimaanisha “mtoataarifa”. Matokeo ya makala haya yanaonesha kuwa kuna miktadha sita ya kisintaksia itokanayo na makusudio ya mawasiliano katika uibuzi wa miundo virai kubali vya sentensi za Kiswahili. Miktadha hiyo ni umadaishaji, ufokasilishaji, usititizi, uulizi, maombi na kuagiza. Aidha, makala haya yanapendekeza kuwa tafiti nyingine zifanyike ili kuchunguza miundo virai kubalifu itokanayo na miktadha ya kisintaksia ya makusudio ya mawasiliano.Item Open Access The Development and Intellectualisation of African Languages Revisited.(Kabale University, 2024) Ndoleriire, Oswald KyamulesireIn this article, I am revisiting, the well-known topic of developing African languages and the concept of the intellectualisation of African languages. I start by defining the idea of intellectualisation which involves using a language in all areas of human endeavour. I then look at some success stories regarding language intellectualisation, in particular the case of Hebrew and Afrikaans. Thereafter, the case of intellectualising languages in Asia reveals a situation where the exercise was quite successful in the case of Malay in Indonesia and Malaysia but less successful with Tagalog converting into Filipino in the Philippines. The case of India is of particular interest to Africa due to a common colonial heritage and the multiplicity of languages because the Indian experience has been relatively successful. In Africa, the commendable efforts in formulating and to some extent implementing an enabling language policy in South Africa are pointed out. A quick review is then carried out on the language situation in some other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, where the situation leaves a lot to be desired, apart from the glimmer of hope presented by Kiswahili in Eastern Africa. Among the challenges faced by those who want to promote and intellectualise African languages, the issue of the Africans’ mindset and the phenomenon of globalization, with English as one of the globalising agents, are highlighted. Finally, strategies to counter the challenges are proposed, including political will, appropriate policies and the creation of universities using only African languages as media of instruction.Item Open Access Uamilifu wa Sifa katika Mfumo wa Fonimu Konsonanti za Kiswahili.(Kabale University, 2024) Majariwa, DavidMakala haya yanachunguza uamilifu wa sifa bainifu katika mfumo wa fonimu konsonanti za Kiswahili. Uhakiki wa mfumo wa fonimu konsonanti za Kiswahili ili kubainisha uamilifu wa sifa katika orodha ya fonimu za Kiswahili umeelezwa kwa kuzingatia michakato ya upokeaji wa maneno yenye asili ya Kiarabu mkiwamo vitamkwa [θ], [ð], [χ] na [ɣ]. Uchunguzi huu ulijikita katika misingi ya uhakiki wa orodha ya vitamkwa ambayo ni Udhibiti wa sifa, Iktisadi ya sifa, Uziada, Utabakishi wa sifa na Uzidishaji wa sifa iliyotolewa na Clements (2003). Data zilikusanywa kutoka Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu, Toleo la 3 na Bosha (1993). Data zilikusanywa kwa njia ya uchanganuzi matini. Matokeo ya uchunguzi huu yanaonesha kuwa kuna misingi inayodhibiti sifa bainifu za fonimu konsonati za Kiswahili. Kwa ujumla, misingi hii inashirikiana kuukilia kaida za mfumo wa fonimu za Kiswahili kama uelekeo wa msambao wa fonimu na nafasi za kutamkia. Aidha, matokeo yanaonesha kuwa fonimu za Kiswahili zinadhihirisha ruwaza wiani katika mfumo huo. Makala haya yanatoa mchango kwa kubainisha iktisadi kwenye uamilifu wa sifa katika mfumo wa fonimu konsonanti za Kiswahili.Item Open Access Uvulivuli wa Tafsriri kutoka Lugha za Asili kwenda Lugha ya Kiswahili Mfano wa Albamu ya Kikinga ya Sumasesu Theatre Art Group.(Kabale University, 2024) Msigwa, Arnold B. G.Katika taaluma ya tafsiri, uvulivuli wa matini zilizotafsiriwa umejikita zaidi kwenye tafsiri za lugha za kigeni kwenda lugha za asili au lugha za asili kwenda lugha za kigeni. Mathalani tafsiri ya Kiingereza kwenda Kiswahili ama Kiswahili kwenda Kiingereza (Maro, 2018). Chukulia94 ikiwa ni kwamba uvulivuli huo unatokana na wafasiri kutokuwa na umilisi wa lugha za kigeni hasa Kiingereza, na ama tofauti za kiutamaduni baina ya lugha mbili; yaani matini chanzi na matini lengwa. Jitihada kidogo zimejishughulisha na uvulivuli wa tafsiri zilizotafsiriwa kutoka lugha za asili kwenda Kiswahili na athari zake kimawasiliano. Utafiti huu ulichunguza Uvulivuli wa Tafsiri kutoka lugha ya Kikinga kwenda lugha ya Kiswahili mfano Albamu ya Sumasesu Theatre Art Group. Sampuli ya utafiti huu ni nyimbo tano za Albamu ya Sumasesu Theatre Art Group. Usampulishaji tabakishi ndiyo ulitumika kupata nyimbo hizo. Data zilikusanywa kwa njia ya uchanganuzi matini, ambapo nyimbo zilisikilizwa mara tatu, kisha kudondoa tafsiri iliyotolewa kutoka lugha ya Kikinga kwenda Kiswahili zenye uvulivuli kwa kuzingatia kaida za lugha ya Kikinga. Makala haya yaliongozwa na Nadharia ya Usawe wa Kidhima (Nida, 1964) na kuendelezwa na Nida & Tiber, (1969). Data zilichanganuliwa kwa njia ya maudhui na kuwasilishwa kwa njia ya majedwali na ufafanuzu kutolewa kwa njia ya maelezo. Matokeo ya utafiti huuyameonesha kuwa kuna utumiaji wa visawe vya lugha ya Kiswahili ambavyo si sahihi katika tafsiri iliyotolewa kiasi cha kuhamisha maana ya msingi ya matini chanzi. Mathalani, maana ya msingi ikibatilishwa, ujumbe uliolengwa katika matini chanzi unaathiriwa na hivyo kumfanya msikilizaji wa matini lengwa kutopata athari iliyolengwa na msanii. Kutokana na uvulivuli huo, makala yanapendekeza utafiti mwingine na mpana zaidi kufanyika kuhusu tafsiri za kutoka lugha za asili kwenda lugha ya Kiswahili kutumia data pana zaidi. Utafiti kama huo ukifanyika unaweza kubadili mtazamo wa wana nadharia kwamba, uvulivuli wa tafsiri ni tokeo la wafasiri kutojua lugha wanazozishughulikia au tofauti za kiisimu kati ya lugha chanzi na lugha lengwa; kwa sababu kiisimu Kikinga na Kiswahili zote ni lugha za Kibantu na pia waliofasiri nyimbo hizo ni wazawa wa Kikinga na ambao sio wazawa wa Kiswahili.Item Open Access Strategies Used by Rwanda’s Simultaneous Interpreters to Render Cultural-linguistic Aspects in Taboo Expressions.(Kabale University, 2024) Kateregga, Abubakar; Bizimana, Vital; Rusanganwa, Joseph AppolinaryInterpreting taboo language from and into Kinyarwanda, English, and French can lead to poor quality renderings if a combination of linguistic and cultural factors is unattended to. This study aimed to explore the strategies used by Rwandan interpreters render cultural-linguistic aspects found in taboo expressions from and into Kinyarwanda, English, and French. The paper drew on a set of ‘equivalence theories’ in the field of translation (Baker, 2011; Nida, 2000; Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995), the skopos theory (Basnett & Lefevre, 1990) as well as the bottom-up and top-down models (Hatim and Mason, 1997). Renditions by 20 Rwandan interpreters using the simultaneous mode were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed. The findings revealed that most Rwandan interpreters resorted to the ‘literal strategy’ to render taboo expressions with the effect that the meaning of the source text (ST) sometimes got distorted while translating vulgar and derogatory language, insults, euphemisms, and vulgar proverbs. The findings also revealed that in an attempt to cope with interpreting taboo language, it is not enough to rely on a single strategy, that is to say, interpreters should use a combination of strategies in order to improve the quality of their renditions.Item Open Access Quel Français Pour Les Etudiants De La Faculte De Genie De L’universite De Kabale?(Kabale University, 2024) Ayebare, Boniface MartialCet article se donne pour objectif d’analyser les besoins langagiers des étudiants de français à la faculté de génie de l’Université de Kabale afin de recommander la variété du français qui correspond à leurs besoins et leurs attentes. L’Ouganda est un pays de pluralité linguistique avec plus de 40 langues locales. L’anglais et le swahili sont les langues officielles. Le français occupe un statut de langue étrangère mais il est privilégié en raison de son importance dans la région. Pour notre recherche, nous avons interviewé et tenu des discussions avec trente-cinq étudiants qui apprennent le français à la faculté de génie, leurs enseignants, le doyen et trois chefs de département. Nous avons également adressé des questionnaires à trois ingénieurs basés à Kabale. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent que la majorité des étudiants apprennent le français pour des raisons de carrière car ils espèrent avoir à traiter avec des francophones. L’analyse du curriculum a trouvé que l’enseignement se limite au français général qui ne prend pas en compte les besoins des étudiants. Notre recherche recommande l’élaboration d’un module détaillé de français sur objectifs spécifiques (FOS) spécialisé en français de l’Ingénierie. L‘approche pédagogique prônée est la pédagogie de projet pour renforcer et compléter la perspective actionnelle actuellement employée par les enseignants. Enfin, des formations pédagogiques ciblées pour les professeurs de français sont recommandées.Item Open Access The experiences and challenges of Doctoral Education in Public Universities compared(Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education/, 2023-02-08) Ocan, Johnson; Marus, Eton; Adyanga, Akena Francis; Ayiga, NatalAbstract Purpose: This article’s purpose is to explore the challenges and experiences PhD students in selected Ugandan state universities endure during their studies. Research methodology: The approach of the research focused on three public universities thus; Kabale University, Makerere University, and Gulu University. To explore these challenges, we undertook an extensive literature review of the external supervisors and evaluations of PhD students who attempted to submit their final dissertations. Results: The main findings of the results indicate that due to institutional, individual, and supervisory inefficiency, many students who enroll in their PhD programs at these universities are unable to graduate within the given timeframe. Limitations: The limitations of the study conclude that the problems addressed in this research and the suggestions presented provide the basis for improving university training programs and facilitating students, timely completion of the PhD program. Contribution: In terms of contribution, this research will improve scholarly writing and publication abilities, in addition to increasing the identity of doctoral education in Uganda. Evidently, there is no substantial work exploring the difficulties and challenges faced by PhD students in Uganda. Novelty: it is crucial to remember that when pursuing their PhDs, scholars are not just learning about the research topic, but are also developing fundamental skills in critical thinking, to construct their own knowledge within their own indigenous context, it is essential that they acquire the capacity to assess assertions, and evaluate arguments in a critical manner.Item Open Access Graphological Deviation: A Defamiliarizing Trope in Timothy Wangusa’s Poetry(East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2023, 2023-01-06) Arineitwe, EvaristoThis article attempts to examine the use of graphological deviation in Timothy Wangusa’s poetry as a style of foregrounding in Timothy Wangusa’s poetry. It is hoped to fill knowledge gaps in the Wangusaic scholarship as previous studies on Wangusa are on issues of originality of his poetry and conclude that the trajectory of his poetry is mainly Christian, African, and English traditions. The studies conclude that Wangusa’s poetry was greatly influenced by classical and western literary traditions (Alfredo Okello 2005). Some studies are on Wangusa’s novels and short stories, and as such, they focus on aspects like themes and narrative techniques but not graphological deviation. This leaves much to be studied on the variable of graphological deviation in Wangusa’s poetry. This justifies why this research article is worthwhile as it evaluates how Timothy Wangusa employs graphological deviation to create foregrounding. Besides, the researcher used the theory of defamiliarisation proposed by Viktor Shyklovsky throughout the study. The theory emphasises the use of poetic devices, which makes it an apt one as this study is on graphological deviation (which is used as a poetic device to achieve emphasis/foregrounding). The researcher used a textual analysis method and a descriptive research design in an attempt to explicate and make sense of the variable of graphological deviation. The results and findings from the data analysis prove that Wangusa uses graphological deviation to emphasise his message, shock or surprise readers (estrangement) and create mood in his poetry. This study recommends that studies be carried out on Timothy Wangusa’s use of deviation of register.Item Open Access La Pedagogie De Projet En Didactique Du Français Sur Objectifs Specifiques En Ouganda(Kabale University, 2024-02-07) AYEBARE, Boniface MartialProject-Based Learning (PBL) is a preferred approach in language teaching today. It places the learner at the center of the learning process that is oriented towards problem-solving. This article presents a summary of points picked from the project entitled « Welcome to Kabale », implemented at Kabale University in South-Western Uganda. Our sample was composed of twenty-seven beginner students of French for Tourism. The project which lasted about eight weeks was mainly about introduction: Introducing oneself, a friend and close surroundings. Short videos were recorded on these. Our results reveal that learner motivation, confidence and self-esteem are enhanced in PBL. Language competences as well as soft skills are also developed. For PBL to succeed, adequate prior preparation by the teacher is crucial. The relevance of the projects, the learners’ interests and participation should be considered. Assessment is diagnostic, formative and summative, conducted by peers as well as by the teacher. The learning process and the final product should both be carefully considered, while temptation towards excesses should be avoided. Generally, the study confirmed that PBL is an efficient approach in imparting skills to solve day-to-day problemsItem Open Access The Experiences and Challenges of Doctoral Education in Public Universities Compared.(Kabale University, 2023) Ocan, Johnson; Eton, Marus; Akena, Francis Adyanga; Ayiga, NatalPurpose: This article’s purpose is to explore the challenges and experiences PhD students in selected Ugandan state universities endure during their studies. Research methodology: The approach of the research focused on three public universities thus; Kabale University, Makerere University, and Gulu University. To explore these challenges, we undertook an extensive literature review of the external supervisors and evaluations of PhD students who attempted to submit their final dissertations. Results: The main findings of the results indicate that due to institutional, individual, and supervisory inefficiency, many students who enroll in their PhD programs at these universities are unable to graduate within the given timeframe. Limitations: The limitations of the study conclude that the problems addressed in this research and the suggestions presented provide the basis for improving university training programs and facilitating students, timely completion of the PhD program. Contribution: In terms of contribution, this research will improve scholarly writing and publication abilities, in addition to increasing the identity of doctoral education in Uganda. Evidently, there is no substantial work exploring the difficulties and challenges faced by PhD students in Uganda. Novelty: it is crucial to remember that when pursuing their PhDs, scholars are not just learning about the research topic, but are also developing fundamental skills in critical thinking, to construct their own knowledge within their own indigenous context, it is essential that they acquire the capacity to assess assertions, and evaluate arguments in a critical manner.Item Open Access Nafasi ya Leksikoni yenye Vipashio Ghairi kutoka Kiingereza na Kiarabu katika Fonolojia ya Leksikoni ya Kiswahili Sanifu(2023-03) David, MajariwaMakala haya yanahusu ubainishaji wa nafasi ya leksikoni ya mkopo yenye vipashio ghairi katika leksikoni ya Kiswahili sanifu. Data zilizotumiwa katika makala haya zilikusanywa kutoka makavazi ya Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Mbinu za uhakiki matini na usomaji nyaraka zilitumiwa kukusanya data. Uhusiano wa matabaka ya leksikoni ya Kiswahili umeelezwa kwa kutumia modeli ya uhusiano wa KIINI-PEMBEZONI ya Itô na Mester (1995) sambamba na Nadharia ya Umbo Upeo (UU). Data imedhihirisha kuwa leksikoni ya Kiswahili inatoa ushahidi kuwa kuna matabaka mbalimbali ndani yake. Modeli iliyotumiwa imetuwezesha kubainisha mwingiliano taratibu na utabakishi wa leksikoni ya Kiswahili. Leksikoni ya Kiswahili yenye viambajengo ghairi husika imetambuliwa kisinkronia kwa kuwa viambajengo hivyo vina mchango katika sarufi ya Kiswahili (fonolojia ya leksikoni ya Kiswahili) hasa kuhusiana na mashartizuizi ya kimuundo. Matokeo yamebainisha kuwa mashartizuizi ya leksikoni ya Kiswahili iliyopokelewa kutoka Kiingereza na Kiarabu na viambajengo ghairi yanafanya kazi katika mawanda ya PEMBEZONI.Item Open Access Graphological Deviation: A Defamiliarizing Trope in Timothy Wangusa’s Poetry(East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2023) Evaristo, ArineitweThis article attempts to examine the use of graphological deviation in Timothy Wangusa’s poetry as a style of foregrounding in Timothy Wangusa’s poetry. It is hoped to fill knowledge gaps in the Wangusaic scholarship as previous studies on Wangusa are on issues of originality of his poetry and conclude that the trajectory of his poetry is mainly Christian, African, and English traditions. The studies conclude that Wangusa’s poetry was greatly influenced by classical and western literary traditions (Alfredo Okello 2005). Some studies are on Wangusa’s novels and short stories, and as such, they focus on aspects like themes and narrative techniques but not graphological deviation. This leaves much to be studied on the variable of graphological deviation in Wangusa’s poetry. This justifies why this research article is worthwhile as it evaluates how Timothy Wangusa employs graphological deviation to create foregrounding. Besides, the researcher used the theory of defamiliarisation proposed by Viktor Shyklovsky throughout the study. The theory emphasises the use of poetic devices, which makes it an apt one as this study is on graphological deviation (which is used as a poetic device to achieve emphasis/foregrounding). The researcher used a textual analysis method and a descriptive research design in an attempt to explicate and make sense of the variable of graphological deviation. The results and findings from the data analysis prove that Wangusa uses graphological deviation to emphasise his message, shock or surprise readers (estrangement) and create mood in his poetry. This study recommends that studies be carried out on Timothy Wangusa’s use of deviation of registerItem Open Access An Investigation on The Effect of Professional Training On Journalism Ethics in Uganda(Kabale University, 2019-06) Ayebazibwe, Kukundakwe EstherThe debate on whether professional training is relevant for journalism practice has been existing, with some proposing that it is an art developed through talent and practice (Parks, 2012). Despite the efforts in training, one cannot certainly say that proper training leads to professional journalism practice. Through in-depth interviews and questionnaires, this study seeks to find out the role of professional training on the respect for journalism professional ethics. The analysis shows some of the differences in ethical perceptions between the trained and untrained journalists. The discussion on the challenges faced by journalists in Uganda reveals that journalists across the world are faced with similar challenges although their media systems and cultures may differ. Although other factors cannot be completely ruled out, the study concludes that good training affects ethical perceptions of journalists leading to better professional quality, which means that training is an important attribute in media practice. However, it also observes that there are some other factors that can affect quality journalism aside training. It recommends that all stakeholders in the media industry (media houses, media practitioners, training institutions, professional associations and government) should all work together to promote quality journalism in Uganda.