Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance
Date
2022-08-23
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
Abstract
Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose
control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries.
African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy
decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible
for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium
chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have
been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted
using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after
removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in
the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted
and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan®.
Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in
both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major
drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor
administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development
of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr
is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use
practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic
communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling.
Description
Keywords
Trypanocide resistance, Trypanosomiasis, Human African trypanosomiasis, Animal African trypanosomiasis, Global health, One health, Community practices attitudes and practices, AATr
Citation
Kasozi, K.I.; MacLeod, E.T.; Waiswa, C.; Mahero, M.; Ntulume, I.; Welburn, S.C. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ tropicalmed7090205