Faculty of Science (FSC)

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Open Access
A coumestan and a coumaronochromone from Millettia lasiantha
(Elservier, 2023) Buyinza, Daniel; Derese, Solomon; Ndakala , Albert; Heydenreich, Matthias; Yenesew , Abiy; Oriko, Richard
The manuscript describes the phytochemical investigation of the roots, leaves and stem bark of Millettia lasiantha resulting in the isolation of twelve compounds including two new isomeric isoflavones lascoumestan and lascoumaronochromone. The structures of the new compounds were determined using different spectroscopic techniques.
Open Access
A Revised Protecting Group Strategy Enables a Divergent Synthesis of Prenylated Isoflavones from Psoralea corylifolia
(Synthesis, 2025) Gliszczinskia Sarah von Chamier; Sperlicha Eric; Kellinga Alexandra; Kwesiga George; Schmidt Bernd
Three bioactive prenylated isoflavone natural products were synthesized for the first time, using a combination of Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling for installing the B-ring, microwave-promoted Claisen rearrangement of allyl ethers, and Ru-catalyzed olefin cross me tathesis for obtaining the prenyl substituents. Careful consideration of the protecting group strategy turned out to be vital for the success of these total syntheses.
Open Access
A systematic review of Aspilia africana (Pers.) C.D. adams traditional medicinal uses, phytoconstituents, bioactivities, and toxicities
(Elsevier, 2025) Gang, Roggers; Okello, Denis; Yeongjun, Ban; Kang, Youngmin
Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams, popularly referred to as wild sunflower, has been used for generations across several African communities to treat various diseases, including malaria, wounds, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, gastric ulcers, measles, tuberculosis, stomach ache, rheumatic pains, and gonorrhea. This study aimed to sys-tematically and critically compile data on the traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, bioactivities, botanical descriptions, and toxicities of A. africana. Relevant research findings were retrieved and organized from various databases, including PubMed and ScienceDirect, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. To date, 149 phytochemicals have been identified from various A. africana parts and they primarily belong to the classes of terpenoids, lipids, hydrocarbons, phenolics, and esters. The extracts and bioactive phytochemicals of A. africana have revealed several pharmacological prop-erties, including antimalarial, anticancer, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. However, the major components responsible for these bioactivities and their mechanisms of action in some diseases have not yet been clearly identified. Additionally, toxicity and clinical trial data for A. africana are limited with most toxicological assessments being acute in nature. Therefore, further research on the mechanisms of action of the pure bioactive phytochemicals and toxicity of A. africana are necessary to better understand its efficacy and safety. Taken together, this study provides comprehensive information on the traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, bioactivities, and toxicity of A. africana, and a reference for future studies, relevant to the development of therapeutic products.
Open Access
Agricultural sustainability through Smart Farming Systems: A comparative Analysis Between the Republic of Korea and Republic of Uganda.
(Kabale University, 2024) Happy, Kenneth; Gang, Roggers; Ban, Yeongjun; Yang, Sungyu; Rahmat, Endang; Okello, Denis; Komakech, Richard; Cyrus, Okello; Okello, Kalule David; Kang, Youngmin
Smart farming involves the integration of information and communication technologies into machinery and sensors for use in agricultural systems. It is expected to potentially enhance the sustainability of agriculture and global food security. The need for smart farming arises from the increasing adverse environmental, ecological, social, and economic impacts on food systems. The potential impact of smart farming solutions on different countries is less known. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed the role of smart farming solutions in sustaining agricultural production in the context of comparing a developed (Republic of Korea), and an emergent (Republic of Uganda) country. We scrutinized the agricultural assets, natural resources, approaches, technologies, policy interventions, achievements, challenges encountered, and reasons of smart farm pursuit for each country. Information presented in the paper indicated that both countries have similar objectives in the pursuit for smart farming: response to climate change and sustaining food security. However, the Republic of Korea employs a holistic approach of revolutionizing agriculture via smart farms. In contrast, distinct smart farming interventions implemented by government institutions, competing private sector, and non-governmental organizations are shaping the development of a smart farm concept in the Republic of Uganda. In conclusion, the application of smart farming solutions appears to be promising in enhancing the stability of the whole food system in both countries.
Open Access
Analysis of Bacteriological Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Kabale Municipality, Western Uganda
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2019) Alex, Saturday; Johnson, Runyonyozi
In the present study, we assessed the bacteriological quality of water of drinking water sources in Kabale Municipality. A total of 28 water samples were collected from 14 water springs during the dry and wet season and analyzed for determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) using the membrane filtration method. Most water springs located in less than 20 meters away from residential areas were associated with bacterial contamination. The mean concentrations of E. coli, total coliforms, and THB were 24.07 CFU/100 ml, 85.71 CFU/100 ml, and 197.07 CFU/100 ml, respectively in the wet season. While in the dry season, the mean concentrations were 2 CFU/100 ml, 10 CFU/100 ml, and 91 CFU/100 ml for E. coli , total coliforms, and THB, respectively. There were significant differences between CFU of total coliforms, HTB, between wet and dry seasons (p = 0.026). Samples collected and analyzed during the wet season for total coliforms did not conform to WHO drinking water quality guideline value of no detection per 100 ml. The study concludes that the majority of spring water sources are located in less than 20 meters away from residential areas with significant paved areas, the presence of septic tanks and pit latrines. Wet season significantly affects the quality of domestic water sources than the dry season. The study recommends that spring water should be treated before drinking due to high bacteria concentrations which makes it unsafe for consumption.
Open Access
Animal-Plant Interaction:
(Exclusive Journal Publishing House, 2017) Ndizihiwe, Daniel R.; Achille, E Assogbadjo; Sylvestre, C. A. M. Djagoun; Barthélémy KASSA
The study was based on 107 studies and data concerning disperser species, plant species and family, fruit type and size, seed size plant life form and the habitat, were presented in matrix form. Data from this matrix were used in determining the disperser species diversity considering large taxonomic groups (mammals, birds and reptiles) and selection pattern based on the fruit and seed size. The diversity of mammals was high followed by birds and then reptiles with 65%, 30% and 5% respectively. Mammal taxonomic group dominated and was sub divided into primates, ungulates, carnivores, rodents and bat sub-groups which accounted for 45%, 22%, 17%, 9% and 7% respectively confirming the dominance of primates. Simple correspondence analysis showed that ungulates dispersed very small fruits while carnivores, primates, bats and reptiles were categorized together for both small and medium sized fruits. Ungulates, birds and bats dispersed the smallest seeds while others dispersed both small and large sized seeds. The study revealed high diversity of mammals particularly primates therefore playing a huge role in structuring and restructuring terrestrial ecosystems, with a warning that the loss of ungulates may have catastrophic impacts on the structure and composition of small fruited and seeded plants.
Open Access
Antibacterial Properties of Phytochemicals Isolated from Leaves of Alstonia boonei and Aerial Parts of Ipomoea cairica.
(Kabale University, 2024) Gumula, Ivan; Kyarimpa, Christine; Nanyonga, Sarah Kiwanuka; Kwesiga, George; Busulwa, George; Opio, Boniface; Heydenreich, Mathias; Omara, Timothy
The leaves of Alstonia boonei and aerial parts of Ipomoea cairica are used for treatment of microbial infections among other ailments in African traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial phytochemicals in A. boonei leaves and Ipomoea cairica aerial parts to validate their traditional use in Ugandan herbal medicine. Methods: The plant materials were separately extracted using a dichloromethane/methanol (1:1) solvent system and subjected to repeated chromatographic separation to isolate pure compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined through 1 H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC). The antibacterial activity of the extracts and pure compounds were assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Results: Chromatographic fractionation of the extracts yielded trans-fagaramide and a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoid, lupeol, from A. boonei, and friedelin from I. cairica. Trans-fagaramide was identified for the first time in the Alstonia genus while friedelin was identified for the first time in I. cairica. The isolated compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity, with trans-fagaramide showing a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 250 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. Friedelin exhibited a MIC of 125 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and 250 μg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Conclusion: The antibacterial activities observed in this study support the traditional use of A. boonei and I. cairica by indigenous communities in Uganda for treating microbial infections.
Open Access
Antimicrobial potency of extracts from selected medicinal plants towards Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Kabale University Interdisciplinary Research Journal (KURJ), 2023) Buyinza, Daniel; Gumula, Ivan; Akampuira, Denis; Ninsiima, Herbert
Antibiotic resistance has become a very big threat to the existing first line antibiotics. Some of the infectious pathogens are becoming multidrug resistant including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This has necessitated social, scientific and financial interventions from key players. The strain this puts on the fragile health care systems of developing nations is frustrating. Scientific interventions have involved campaigns for improved hygiene, use of combination therapies and revived search for new drugs with different modes of action. It is on this basis that this research was conducted as phase I into the search for antibiotic agents from nature. This was done by screening several plant extracts to identify bioactive extracts that can be developed into drugs or purified for better active single molecules in the second phase. Extracts were obtained by cold percolation of pulverized samples of different dried plant parts using different mono-solvents. Agar diffusion and froth floatation were used to measure the potency of the extracts. Many of the screened extracts had good to moderate activities. Five of the plant species; Zanthoxylum chalybeum and gilletii, Diospyros abyssinica, Prunus africana, Peptadeniastrum africana and Blighia unijugata showed very promising activities (1.9 to 9.4 mg/mL) against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The other species had moderate activity (10.6 to 47.5 mg/mL). The species (Albizzia coriaria, Maytenus senegalense and Kigellia africana) that inspired this research from literature only demonstrated moderate activity against all the tested organisms, probably due to antagonistic effect of the active compounds within the extracts. In conclusion, Z. chalybeum and gilletii, D. abyssinica, P. africana, Peptadeniastrum. africana and B. unijugata have a very strong potential for drug development and are recommended for use in the management of infections caused by the tested microbes and purification to isolate the individual active compounds for better formulation, standardization and drug acceptability.
Open Access
Antiplasmodial compounds from Millettia dura
(Kabale University Interdisciplinary Research Journal (KURJ), 2022) Buyinza, Daniel; Derese, Solomon; Ndakala, Albert
Malaria still poses a big challenge to the health care of many tropical countries. The plasmodium resistance to the conventional drugs is the major hitch in its treatment. Higher plants have produced single line antimalarials and given important lead molecules. On this basis, flavonoids isolated from millettia dura by chromatographic techniques were screened againest W2 and D6 strains of plasmoduim falcipalum. Both, the crude and pure compounds tested showed mild activities against the test organisms. The crude extract of the stem bark had the highest respective activity of 63.7±8.6 and 46.1±4.5 µg/ml against W2 and D6. Of the pure compounds, milletosin was active towards both W2 and D6 with a respective IC50s of 87.9±8.9 and 66.70±30.3 µg/ml. Synergistic effect might have contributed to the relative high activity of the crude than the pure compounds. Basing on the structure activity relationship of the tested compounds, suitable structural modification could be ideal to enhance the antiplasmodial activity.
Open Access
Antiplasmodial Compounds from Millettia Dura.
(Kabale University, 2022) Buyinza, Daniel; Derese, Solomon; Ndakala, Albert
Malaria still poses a big challenge to the health care of many tropical countries. The plasmodium resistance to the conventional drugs is the major hitch in its treatment. Higher plants have produced single line antimalarials and given important lead molecules. On this basis, flavonoids isolated from millettia dura by chromatographic techniques were screened againest W2 and D6 strains of plasmoduim falcipalum. Both, the crude and pure compounds tested showed mild activities against the test organisms. The crude extract of the stem bark had the highest respective activity of 63.7±8.6 and 46.1±4.5 μg/ml against W2 and D6. Of the pure compounds, milletosin was active towards both W2 and D6 with a respective IC50s of 87.9±8.9 and 66.70±30.3 μg/ml. Synergistic effect might have contributed to the relative high activity of the crude than the pure compounds. Basing on the structure activity relationship of the tested compounds, suitable structural modification could be ideal to enhance the antiplasmodial activity. Keywords: Antiplasmodial, Compounds, Millettia Dura.
Open Access
Application of Discrete-time semi-Markov Model to the Stochastic forecasting of Capital assests as stock.
(Far East Journal of theoretical Statistics, 2021) Nafiu, Lukman Abiodun; Patrick, Weke; Alieu Jallow, Mamadou; Carolyne, Ogutu
In this paper, we developed and applied a stochastic model based on Discrete-time Semi Markov chain approach and its generalizations to study the high frequency price dynamics of traded stocks. Semi Markov is a stochastic process that generalizes both the Markov chain and the Markov renewal processes. it is well known that the performances of the stock market or factors that move stock prices are technical factors, fundamental factors and market sentiments.
Open Access
Benzophenones from African plants to fight cancers and cancer drug resistance
(Elsevier, 2025) Nchiozem-Ngnitedema, Vaderament-A.; Buyinza, Daniel; Kuete, Victor
In response to the cancer threat, several interventions have been sought including the search for small molecules from natural sources that may arrest cancer at any of its different cycle stages. Such molecules include the benzophenones from fungi or higher plants (Clusiaceae and Guttiferae families). This book chapter will systematically cover the emerging areas in the field of benzophenones and their polyprenylated benzophenone analogs isolated from herbal medicines found in Africa with application in cancer treatment. Initially, benzophenones have been introduced as chemical entities, then an overview of their biosynthesis has been introduced, followed by phytochemical characterization from various tissues in the plant kingdom, and lastly a comprehensive updated study on benzophenones and their prenylated derivatives against various cancer cell lines has been provided.
Open Access
Characterizing absolutely irreducible integer-valued polynomials over discrete valuation domains
(Journal of Algebra 633 (2023) 696–72, 2023-08-12) Hiebler, Moritz; Nakato, Sarah; Roswitha,Rissner
Rings of integer-valued polynomials are known to be atomic, non-factorial rings furnishing examples for both irreducible elements for which all powers factor uniquely (absolutely irreducibles) and irreducible elements where some power has a factorization different from the trivial one. In this paper, we study irreducible polynomials F ∈ Int(R) where R is a discrete valuation domain with finite residue field and show that it is possible to explicitly determine a number S ∈ N that reduces the absolute irreducibility of F to the unique factorization of F S . To this end, we establish a connection between the factors of powers of F and the kernel of a certain linear map that we associate to F . This connection yields a characterization of absolute irreducibility in terms of this so-called fixed divisor kernel. Given a non-trivial element v of this kernel, we explicitly construct non-trivial factorizations of F k , provided that k ≥ L, where L depends on F as well as the choice of v. We further show that this bound cannot be improved in general. Additionally, we provide other (larger) lower bounds for k, one of which only depends on the valuation of the denominator of F and the size of the residue class field of R.
Open Access
Characterizing absolutely irreducible integer-valued polynomials over discrete valuation domains
(2024) Hiebler, Moritz; Nakato, Sarah; Rissner, Roswitha
Rings of integer-valued polynomials are known to be atomic, non-factorial rings furnishing examples for both irreducible elements for which all powers factor uniquely (absolutely irreducibles) and irreducible elements where some power has a factorization different from the trivial one. In this paper, we study irreducible polynomials F ∈ Int(R) where R is a discrete valuation domain with finite residue field and show that it is possible to explicitly determine a number S ∈ N that reduces the absolute irreducibility of F to the unique factorization of F S. To this end, we establish a connection between the factors of powers of F and the kernel of a certain linear map that we associate to F. This connection yields a characterization of absolute irreducibility in terms of this so-called fixed divisor kernel. Given a non-trivial element v of this kernel, we explicitly construct non-trivial factorizations of Fk, provided that k ≥ L, where L depends on F as well as the choice of v. We further show that this bound cannot be improved in general. Additionally, we provide other (larger) lower bounds
Open Access
Citrus fruit farmers’ adaptation capacities to climate variability in Ngora district, Eastern Uganda
(Kabale University Interdisciplinary Research Journal (KURJ), 2022) Simon Peter, Achuu; Sarah, Nachuha; Joweria, Nakizito; Henry Musoke, Semakula; Hosea Enos, Opedes
Over the past three decades the government of Uganda prioritized fruits growing in Teso sub-region as a means to promote socioeconomic development. However, climate variability threatens the realization of this initiative and yet inadequate research has been done to address this gap. This study assessed citrus fruit farmers’ adaptation capacities to climate variability in Ngora district, eastern Uganda. Longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs were adopted in which 135 randomly selected farmers were interviewed. Findings indicated that 82% of the respondents attested that rainfall amounts and temperature patterns had changed with the highest rainfall of 1686 mm received in 1991, and the lowest amount of 785mm received in 2009. Average annual temperatures in the same period varied between 23.8ºC and 25.7ºC. These variations contributed to a drop in orange fruit yields from 90% in 2015 to below 54% in 2016. Overall, 94.8% of citrus farmers were aware of the term climate variability and they associated it to variation in rainfall amounts and distribution, rise in surface temperature and occurrence of droughts; 73.3% of the farmers had positive attitude towards climate variability adaptation especially in instances where it directly affected their livelihoods. Only 21% of the farmers did something to adapt to climate variability through irrigating young orange trees. Conclusively, citrus growing provided an option to poverty eradication, however climate variability threatens farmer’s efforts. In a short-run farmers may be encouraged to work in groups. Overall capital investment on irrigation technology by government and or other stakeholders will offer lasting solution
Open Access
Citrus Fruit Farmers’ Adaptation Capacities to Climate Variability in Ngora District, Eastern Uganda.
(Kabale University, 2022) Achuu, Simon Peter; Nachuha, Sarah; Nakizito, Joweria; Musoke, Semakula Henry; Opedes, Hosea Enos
Over the past three decades the government of Uganda prioritized fruits growing in Teso sub-region as a means to promote socioeconomic development. However, climate variability threatens the realization of this initiative and yet inadequate research has been done to address this gap. This study assessed citrus fruit farmers’ adaptation capacities to climate variability in Ngora district, eastern Uganda. Longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs were adopted in which 135 randomly selected farmers were interviewed. Findings indicated that 82% of the respondents attested that rainfall amounts and temperature patterns had changed with the highest rainfall of 1686 mm received in 1991, and the lowest amount of 785mm received in 2009. Average annual temperatures in the same period varied between 23.8ºC and 25.7ºC. These variations contributed to a drop in orange fruit yields from 90% in 2015 to below 54% in 2016. Overall, 94.8% of citrus farmers were aware of the term climate variability and they associated it to variation in rainfall amounts and distribution, rise in surface temperature and occurrence of droughts; 73.3% of the farmers had positive attitude towards climate variability adaptation especially in instances where it directly affected their livelihoods. Only 21% of the farmers did something to adapt to climate variability through irrigating young orange trees. Conclusively, citrus growing provided an option to poverty eradication, however climate variability threatens farmer’s efforts. In a short-run farmers may be encouraged to work in groups. Overall capital investment on irrigation technology by government and or other stakeholders will offer lasting solutions. Keywords: Citrus Fruits - Climatic Factors, Climatic Changes, Agriculture - Environmental Aspects , Ngora District, Uganda.
Open Access
Conservation of forest biomass and forest–dependent wildlife population: Uncertainty quantification of the model parameters
(Heliyon, 2023-07-06) Ibrahim, M. Fanuel; Silas, Mirau; Damian, Kajunguri; Francis, Moyo
The ecosystem is confronted with numerous challenges as a consequence of the escalating human population and its corresponding activities. Among these challenges lies the degradation of forest biomass, which directly contributes to a reduction in forested areas and poses a significant threat to the survival of wildlife species through the intensification of intraspecific competition. In this paper, a non–linear mathematical model to study the conservation of forest and wildlife species that are reliant on forest ecosystem within the framework of human population dynamics and its related activities is developed and analysed. The study assessed the impacts of economic measures in the form of incentives on reducing population pressure on forest resources as well as the potential benefits of technological efforts to accelerate the rate of reforestation. Qualitative and quantitative analyses reveals that economic and technological factors have the potential to contribute to resource conservation efforts. However, these efforts can only be used to a limited extent, and contrary to that, the system will be destabilised. Sensitivity analysis identified the parameters pertaining to human population, human activities, economic measures, and technological efforts as the most influential factors in the model.
Open Access
Cytotoxicity of isoflavones from Millettia dura
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Buyinza, Daniel; Yang, Li Jun; Derese, Solomon; Ndakala, Albert; Coghi, Paolo; Heydenreich, Matthias; Wong, Vincent Kam Wai; Möller, Heiko M.; Yenesew, Abiy
The first phytochemical investigation of the flowers of Millettia dura resulted in the isolation of seven isoflavones, a flavonol and a chalcone. Eleven isoflavones and a flavonol isolated from various plant parts from this plant were tested for cytotoxicity against a panel of cell lines, and six of these showed good activity with IC50 values of 6-14 lM. Durmillone was the most active with IC50 values of 6.6 lM against A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cancer cell line with low cytotoxicity against the non-cancerous cell lines BEAS-2B (IC50 ¼ 58.4 lM), LO2 hepatocytes (IC50 78.7 lM) and CCD19Lu fibroblasts (IC50 >100 lM).
Open Access
Determining Bandgap of Thermochromic Phosphor Films via Reflectance Measurements under Controlled Heating
(Kabale University, 2024) Katashaya, Steven Rwabona
In this article, we present a method to determine the bandgap of a thermochromic phosphor film by simple reflectance measurements under controlled heating. The phosphor is illuminated by a light-emitting diode while being heated continuously. The reflected light is detected using a calibrated photodiode circuit based on an operational transconductance amplifier. We apply the Schuster Kubelka-Munk function to deduce the absorbance over temperature and thus the bandgap. We show, for the first time, that the thermochromic phosphor's color change follows Arrhenius's Law and therefore involves activation energy. We estimate the bandgap to be between 1.1 eV and 1.9 eV and find an activation energy of 46.67 ±1.6 kJ/mol. The simplicity of the approach will appeal to undergraduate teachers and students of physics and materials science. The technique can be used to investigate other thermochromic materials as well.
Open Access
Direct somatic embryogenesis induction in Aspilia Africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams, and assessment of genetic homogeneity and physiology of regenerants
(Scientific reports, 2025) Gang, Roggers; Yang, Sungyu; Happy, Kenneth; Mudondo, Joyce; Haniffadli, Ariranur; Okello, Denis; Ban, Yeongjun; Kang, Youngmin
Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams is a valuable medicinal plant, and the expanding therapeutic use of the plant due to explosion of human population is causing depletion of its wild population, thus requiring propagation. This study established an effective method for direct somatic embryogenesis in A. africana using leaf explants. We evaluated the effects of exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs) and some molecules on induction, development, and maturation of somatic embryos. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3.472 × 10−2 mg/L adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP) optimally induced direct somatic embryogenesis in A. africana leaf explants (100% response and 9.50 ± 0.29 somatic embryos per explant). Differentiation and maturation of somatic embryos was enhanced under osmotic stress induced by using 9 g/L gelrite in MS medium augmented with 0.5 mg/L abscisic acid (ABA) and 6.634 × 10−2 mg/L nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (6.27 ± 0.36 globular, 3.40 ± 0.35 heart, 2.60 ± 0.51 torpedo, and 4.73 ± 0.41 cotyledonary). Half strength MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L gibberellin (GA) and 0.1 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) optimally supported germination (31 ± 1.73%) of cotyledonary somatic embryos. Pre-germination treatment of cold (stratification at 4o C) further stimulated somatic embryo germination (60.00%) and their conversion into plantlets (26.67%). After five weeks of acclimatization, the survival rate of somatic embryo derived A. africana plants was 75.00%. Histological observations and flow cytometric analysis confirmed different somatic embryo stages and stability in genome size of regenerated plants, respectively. Moreover, chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rates were similar between zygotic and somatic embryo derived plants. This method could be employed in mass clonal regeneration, conservation, synthetic seed production, cryopreservation, and genetic improvement of A. africana. Additionally, the system would provide suitable model for investigating molecular, biochemical, and physiological events, which occur at the induction and development of embryogenesis in A. africana.