Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa

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dc.contributor.authorKeneth Iceland, Kasozi
dc.contributor.authorZirintunda, Gerald
dc.contributor.authorSsempijja, Fred
dc.contributor.authorBuyinza, Bridget
dc.contributor.authorAlzahrani, Khalid J.
dc.contributor.authorMatama, Kevin
dc.contributor.authorNakimbugwe, Helen N.
dc.contributor.authorAlkazmi, Luay
dc.contributor.authorOnanyang, David
dc.contributor.authorBogere, Paul
dc.contributor.authorOchieng, Juma John
dc.contributor.authorIslam, Saher
dc.contributor.authorMatovu, Wycliff
dc.contributor.authorNalumenya, David Paul
dc.contributor.authorBatiha, Gaber El-Saber
dc.contributor.authorOsuwat, Lawrence Obado
dc.contributor.authorAbdelhamid, Mahmoud
dc.contributor.authorShen, Tianren
dc.contributor.authorOmadang, Leonard
dc.contributor.authorWelburn, Susan Christina
dc.date.accessioned2023-02-03T05:27:32Z
dc.date.available2023-02-03T05:27:32Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractWhile both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife. Keywords: Trypanosomes, wildlife, Human-wildlife Interactions, Wildlife-Livestock Interactions, Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness, Trypanosoma brucei Gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12493/935
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherKabale Universityen_US
dc.subjectTrypanosomesen_US
dc.subjectwildlifeen_US
dc.subjectHuman-wildlife Interactionsen_US
dc.subjectWildlife-Livestock Interactionsen_US
dc.subjectHuman African Trypanosomiasisen_US
dc.subjectSleeping Sicknessen_US
dc.subjectTrypanosoma Brucei Gambienseen_US
dc.subjectTrypanosoma brucei Rhodesiense.en_US
dc.titleEpidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife—Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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