(Elsevier, 2025) Ahmed, Muneer; Khan, Suliman; Bheel, Naraindas; Awoyera, Paul.O; Fadugba, Olaolu George
This study addresses the need for eco-friendly concrete by incorporating agro-industrial waste, ground coal bottom ash (GCBA) and coconut coir fibre (CF), as partial replacements for Ordinary Portland Cement. A total of150 samples were tested using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and mechanical methods. Optimal results were achieved with 4.31 % CF, 0.4 % superplasticizer, flexural performance. The addition of CF reduced cracking and improved durability and GCBA enhanced long-term performance through improved particle packing and pozzolanic reactions. The GCBACF mixtures also lowered embodied carbon by 194 kg CO₂/m³ and energy by 970 MJ/m³, achieving higher Eco efficiency than traditional concrete. This research supports the development of sustainable, high-performance concrete aligned with circular economy and sustainability goals.